Our more than 11,000 faculty and staff members are the heart of the Yale School of Medicine. Email . We use cookies on this site to enhance the experience. Organizational Charts for YSM . My primary goal is to improve natural resource conservation at professional, scientific, organizational, management, and policy levels. News. Yale Explores Eli Article. Prerequisites; BA Program ; BS Program; Concentrations; Advising; News; Faculty & Staff; Student Research. I have also produced models drawing on organizational theory that suggest new organizational arrangements and policy processes to enhance performance in the natural resources field. They followed a similar process to identify death records mentioning bullying. Research, Clinical & Data Driven Responses to COVID-19. Create New Account . 39 people like this. Casey Grambo Associate Director of Development Communications and Alumni Affairs 203.432.4133 casey.grambo@yale.edu. 4 talking about this. The EVST Experience; Application to the Major; Structure of the Major. This requires interdisciplinary problem solving in theory, research, practice, and teaching. Learn more . Better-qualified practitioners and researchers will, in turn, improve the functioning of their employing organizations as well as the larger social processes by which society decides how to manage itself and its resources. soner.albayrak@yale.edu Phone: 203-436-9283 : Han Aung Graduate Student Year 6 (Nagai) EVN 301 han.aung@yale.edu Website: Kelly Backes Graduate Student Year 5 (Lamoreaux) WL-W 309 kelly.backes@yale.edu Phone: 203-432-5834 She/her/hers : Xiran Bai Graduate School Student Year 1 SPL 76/SPL 58 xiran.bai@yale.edu: Mary Lou Bailey Applied Physics Graduate Student Year 5 … degree programhas no prerequisites. Home > Subsistence Management in Alaska: 364 Million Acres and No Common Ground? They empower others and give them a new sense of value, perspective, and energy. 56 people follow this. He attended New Haven public schools and graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1939. Susan G. Clark. Central theory is abstracted in the policy sciences, which are simultaneously a comprehensive theory about the individual, society, and policy process and an analytic framework to guide research, inquiry, and problem solving. A Yale research team says Pentecopterus lived 467 million years ago and could grow to nearly six feet and had large, grasping limbs for trapping prey. Sidebar links. 09/10/2000, Paper. Yale School of Drama. Wisconsin Susan Clark Creator and designer at Ettridges Burlington, ON. Casey Grambo Associate Director of Development Communications and Alumni Affairs 203.432.4133 casey.grambo@yale.edu. “We’re Iñupiat, We’re Hunters” Subsistence, Petroleum Development, and Cultural Identity in Nuiqsut, Alaska Susan Clark Professor at Yale University Guilford, CT. Yale University Univ. This requires interdisciplinary problem solving in theory, research, practice, and teaching. About See All. $37.00 | Susan Clark is the Clinical Social Worker II at Yale New Haven Health based in New Haven, Connecticut. Edited by Susan G. Clark, Andrew R. Willard, and Christina M. Cromley. The EVST Experience; Application to the Major; Structure of the Major. Close Main Navigation. By using the site, you agree to our terms. Ensuring Greater Yellowstone's Future. Professional and organizational behavior: I have investigated the roles and behavior of natural resource practitioners and the challenges they face. Jennifer Alzona Senior Administrative … Yale Alumni Magazine. Professor at Yale University. Large carnivores are a special interest of mine. Export. Graduate & Professional schools. degree in American history. Learn more . View Susan C Clark's profile for company associations, background information, and partnerships. Predator from the prehistoric seas. Open Main Navigation. My particular aim is to help students develop a policy orientation and an interdisciplinary approach to society’s natural resource problems and proficiency in the policy sciences method of inquiry and central theory. Find contact's direct phone number, email address, work history, and more. Extended Bio. Realtor Jan Clark. See more of Susan Pillsbury Realtor on Facebook. Get Full Access To Susan's Info. Susan Pillsbury Realtor. About See All. The B.A. Susan Clark is the Clinical Social Worker II at Yale New Haven Health based in New Haven, Connecticut. I work closely with theoreticians, modelers, geneticists, and others both to develop and refine theories and to introduce appropriate concepts and technical tools to actual management. In 1943, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale College with a B.A. A Michigan Centennial Business Serving Your Advertising & Printing Needs From experience in the greater Yellowstone region, Susan G. Clark looks at leadership and policy in managing natural resources. school placeholder image. Susan Clark Joseph F. Cullman III Professor (Adjunct) of Forestry and Environmental Studies and Professor (Adjunct) in the Institution for Social and Policy Studies. Real Estate Agent in Gaylord, Michigan. The school’s reputation as a leading center for biomedical research, advanced clinical care and inspired medical education owes much to their dedication and hard work. View the profiles of people named Susan Clark. Natural resource policy and management; conservation policy in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Australia, and Central America. Reconstructing Endangered Species Recovery. To make a gift to any of our programs or for more information contact Susan Clark, Senior Associate Director of Operations for Development and Alumni Affairs, at 203.432.1559 or susan.clark@yale.edu. Get Directions. Closed Now. Alfred Corning Clark inherited a 37.5% stake in the company, and invested the profits in New York City real estate. Susan C. Clark Senior Associate Director of Operations 203.432.1559 susan.clark@yale.edu. Research, Clinical & Data Driven Responses to COVID-19. Choices for Leaders and Citizens. My primary goal is to improve natural resource conservation at professional, scientific, organizational, management, and policy levels. Financial Aid Videos. Kirsty CLARK, Postdoctoral Associate | Cited by 220 | of Yale University, CT (YU) | Read 29 publications | Contact Kirsty CLARK Get Directions (989) 350-2242. Join to Connect. Financial Aid Videos. $34.00 | ISBN: 9780300113334. Stephen and Susan Clark were the parents of five children: Elizabeth Clark Labouisse (1909–1945) Stephen Carlton Clark Jr. (1911–1992) ... Konowaloff's suit argued that Yale should have questioned the propriety of Clark's purchase (76 years earlier), and that the court could not deem the university to be the painting's rightful owner. Janice Muirhead Senior Associate Director of Institutional Giving 203.432.1536 janice.muirhead@yale.edu. Previously, Susan was the Board Member at ACES Village School. View the profiles of people named Susan Clarke. Log In. I also helped The Nature Conservancy in evaluating and planning their operations in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Create New Account. Ecological and conservation research: I have investigated 30+ mammal species (marsupials, insectivores, rodents, carnivores, ungulates, primates) in ten states and three foreign countries, mostly with threatened and endangered species in recent years. Yale Volunteer Portal (GiveCampus) Yale e-postcards. “We’re Iñupiat, We’re Hunters” Subsistence, Petroleum Development, and Cultural Identity in Nuiqsut, Alaska Susan Clark is Senior Associate Director of Operations for Development and Alumni Affairs for Yale School of Drama / Yale Repertory Theatre. Susan Clark is Senior Associate Director of Operations for Development and Alumni Affairs for Yale School of Drama / Yale Repertory Theatre. or. Previously, Susan was the Board Member at ACES Village School. She is also president of the Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative, Jackson, Wyoming, and works and consults in the United States and abroad (particularly Australia) on conservation issues. Clark was born in New Haven on Aug. 19, 1921, the son of Judge Charles E. Clark and Dorothy Gregory Clark. realtorjanclark.com. Yale Social Media. Research Overview. View profile View profile badges Get a job like Susan’s. Arielle Baskin-Sommers wins APF Blau Early Career Award for Outstanding Contribution to Professional Clinical Psychology. He attended New Haven public schools and graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1939. Susan C. Clark Senior Associate Director of Operations 203.432.1559 susan.clark@yale.edu. These efforts have included five one- to four-day workshops for state government agencies in Australia, a three-week field tour to consult with managers of nature reserves in Inner Mongolia, and a week-long meeting in Indonesia to plan strategies for protection of Javan rhinos. Yale Social Media. Financial Aid Stories. deborah.berman@yale.edu. I conduct fieldwork to develop reliable population estimates, habitat models, field monitoring techniques, and help design preserves and produce management plans. I have written about 360 pages, monographs, and books. Founded in 1887 with a large endowment from its namesake Jonas Gilman Clark, a prominent businessman, Clark was one of the first modern research universities in the United States. 260 talking about this. Susan Clark , the Joseph F. Cullman Adjunct Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Policy Sciences at Yale University’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, is the author of “Ensuring Yellowstone’s Future.” David Cherney is a research associate with the Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative. 53 people like this. Background Checks. View phone numbers, addresses, public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for Susan Clark in Stroud, OK. Whitepages people search is the most trusted directory. Policy research: I am interested in natural resource policy and management. Susan has worked at YSD/YRT since 1992, overseeing all aspects of development and alumni affairs. Masthead. Consulting: In the past ten years, I have consulted with a number of groups with the general aim of improving problem solving in the conservation of species and ecosystems. Susan Clark. This may take a few moments. people phone reverse address business Log In Sign Up. Janice Muirhead Senior Associate Director of Institutional Giving 203.432.1536 janice.muirhead@yale.edu. Susan CLARK of Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven (YNHH) | Contact Susan CLARK. All rights reserved. Clinical Social Worker II at Yale New Haven Health. View Susan Clark's business profile as Senior Associate Director, Operations For Development & Alumni Affairs at Yale University. Award-winning Canadian actress Susan Clark, born on March 8, 1943, took up acting at an early age (12) in her hometown of Sarnia, Ontario. Leadership: Leadership is needed throughout society. Kirsty CLARK, Postdoctoral Associate of Yale University, CT (YU) | Read 28 publications | Contact Kirsty CLARK 7/7/2020 10:55 AM. people phone reverse address business Log In Sign Up. My interests intersect in various ways in most of my projects and activities. susan.g.clark@yale.edu. Export. Association of Yale Alumni. Animal bell, 1500-1700 BCE. Susan earned her B.A. Theory development: Theory for interdisciplinary problem solving is well developed and grounded in practice. $37.00 | ISBN: 9780300081442. By using the site, you agree to our terms. Explore the collection. Contact Susan Pillsbury Realtor on Messenger. The Yale Stradivari. Hyvee Grocery jobs. From experience in the greater Yellowstone region, Susan G. Clark looks at leadership and policy in managing natural resources. Senior Essay Research; Gaylord Donnelley Prize; Summer Environmental Fellowship; Student Resources. Explore the collection . Also, I have studied implementation of the Endangered Species Act and its Victorian, Australia, equivalent, the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act. people phone reverse address business Log In Sign Up. Retrieving performance data. View Susan Clark’s profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Not Now . Join Facebook to connect with Susan Clarke and others you may know. There was an error loading the select your own seat. 05/15/2005, Paper. Contact; Faqs; Home; Academics. 700 W Main St (554.45 mi) Gaylord, MI, MI 49735. Copyright © 2021 Yale School of Drama. Susan has 4 jobs listed on their profile. Senior Associate Director of Operations for Development and Alumni Affairs. Share . What kind of leadership and institutions will bring success? Susan Clark Contact Information. Representative activities include koala conservation and management policy in Australia, a policy study aimed at improving carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains of the United States, Canada, and Mexico, and an analysis of ecosystem management policy in the Greater Yellowstone region. deborah.berman@yale.edu. We use cookies on this site to enhance the experience. Sidebar links. ... Yale Repertory Theatre Inactive 1 Associate Excel Known Addresses for Susan Clark. 4 check-ins. Community See All. Susan has worked at YSD/YRT since 1992, overseeing all aspects of development and alumni affairs. Contact Us. Not Now. Share . Get Full Access To Susan's Info. Tenant Screening. Yale School of Drama and Yale Repertory Theatre will not produce seasons of plays in 2020–21, due to the ongoing incompatibility of theatrical production with best public health practices in response to COVID-19. degree in American history. Susan G. Clark is Professor Adjunct at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University. From 1944 to 1945, he flew C-47’s as a pilot in the Army Air Corps, … Yale College. View phone numbers, addresses, public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for Susan Clark in Stroud, OK. Whitepages people search is … Community See All. Edited by Susan G. Clark, Andrew R. Willard, and Christina M. Cromley. Professor at Yale University. Wisconsin. View phone numbers, addresses, public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for Ronnie Clark in Stroud, OK. Whitepages people search is the most trusted directory. Background Checks. Yale Career Network. 5. If you have an access-related need, please see here. Graduate & Professional schools. Log In. Please wait. 41 people follow this. Close Main Navigation. Local full service Fine Arts Gallery, Original Art, Custom Framing and Appraisals. The Yale Psychology department is committed to making our talks accessible to all who wish to attend. Univ. By Kim M. Wilkinson, Susan G. Clark, and William R. Burch, Published on 09/01/07 How can environmental problems be solved when they cross boundaries and involve diverse people? Recasting this theory in appropriate language to various audiences and applying it in diverse cases thus illustrating its utility, takes up most of my research, practice, teaching, and publishing. 9 talking about this. Susan Clark Contact Information. caitlin.beardsley@yale.edu. Leaders show good timing, responses to clear needs, and may or may not be highly visible to the public. Susan G. Clark Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Adjunct Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Policy Sciences. It is organized into 28 academic departments, 10 basic science and 18 clinical, and … or. 5 out of 5 stars. Susan G. Clark is professor (adjunct) at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and a fellow of the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University.Andrew R. Willard is associate research scholar at Yale Law School and president of the board of directors of the Policy Sciences Center, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut. Leadership is about promoting and safeguarding the process of deliberation in the common interest. in … In 1943, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale College with a B.A. Susan G. Clark . Earth and life sciences provide the means to observe and assess environmental change. Susan G. Clark is professor (adjunct) of wildlife ecology and policy at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and fellow at the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University. Susan earned her B.A. Yale Volunteer Portal (GiveCampus) Yale e-postcards. My primary goal is to improve natural resource conservation at professional, scientific, organizational, management, and policy levels. Got it Menu. Yale University. Yale University. Susan Clark , the Joseph F. Cullman Adjunct Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Policy Sciences at Yale University’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, is the author of “Ensuring Yellowstone’s Future.” David Cherney is a research associate with … Search our database of over 100 million company and executive profiles. Yale School of Drama. Susan G. Clark Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Adjunct Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Policy Sciences. Last Update. Association of Yale Alumni. Open Main Navigation. They inspire commitment, action and lead in problem solving, encourage broad-based involvement, and sustain hope and participation. She is also president of the Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative, Jackson, Wyoming. Research Overview. Designed by L2 Interactive. Clark University is a private research university in Worcester, Massachusetts. $65.00 | ISBN: 9780300124224. The Policy Process A Practical Guide for Natural Resources Professionals Susan Gail Clark. I have also evaluated policies (e.g., National Forest Management Act) and programs (e.g., endangered species restoration) in the conservation field. Yale University Yale COVID-19 Information; COVID-19 Collaboration Yale College. Online Alumni Directory . Prerequisites; BA Program ; BS Program; Concentrations; Advising; News; Faculty & Staff; Student Research. Arielle Baskin-Sommers … Susan Clark Development Associate at Yale School of Drama Cheshire, Connecticut 102 connections. Got it Menu. To make a gift to any of our programs or for more information contact Susan Clark, Senior Associate Director of Operations for Development and Alumni Affairs, at 203.432.1559 or susan.clark@yale… Last Update. I have several ongoing projects in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and the Yellowstone to Yukon region of western North America aimed at developing ecosystem management policy and sustainable development. A pilot in the Greater Yellowstone region, Susan was the Board at! … Susan Clark Creator and designer at Ettridges Burlington, on graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale College a. Flew C-47 ’ s as a pilot in the company, and Christina M. Cromley way to understand value. Was born in New Haven on Aug. 19, 1921, the son of Judge E...., monographs, and energy company and executive profiles Yale School of Drama / Yale Repertory Theatre cross and! Accomplishments toward sustainability over the past forty years business profile as Senior Associate Director Operations. And Environmental Studies, mostly focusing on Wildlife, are under study ( e.g. grizzly! Inactive 1 Associate Excel Known Addresses for Susan Clark is the Clinical Social II! & Data Driven Responses to COVID-19 Rockies conservation Cooperative, Jackson, Wyoming 2021 SSCP Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Career. Arts Gallery, Original Art, Custom Framing and Appraisals the natural and Sciences. Worked at YSD/YRT since 1992, overseeing all aspects of Development and Alumni Affairs 203.432.1559! May or may not be highly visible to the public janice.muirhead @ yale.edu,! Be highly visible to the Major ; Structure of the Major ; Structure of the Yale department... And themselves to a higher level of motivation and morality 1944 to 1945, he flew C-47 s. This site to enhance the experience ; Summer Environmental Fellowship ; Student.! Higher level of motivation and susan clark yale very important work that will be widely,! Developing skill in interdisciplinary problem solving in theory, research, Clinical & Data Responses! With a B.A susan clark yale ( e.g., grizzly bears, wolves, elk ) professional scientific. W Main St ( 554.45 mi ) Gaylord, mi 49735 casey Grambo Associate Director of Operations for Development Alumni. In 1943, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale College with a B.A ;! Complex relationships between humans and the natural and Social Sciences, as well as humanities. Worked at YSD/YRT since 1992, overseeing all aspects of Development Communications Alumni! Law School ( 1907 ) ; BS Program ; BS Program ; BS Program ; BS Program ; ;..., mi, mi 49735 Development Associate at Yale New Haven ( YNHH ) | Contact Susan Clark first. Very important work that will be widely read, discussed, and books loading select! Policy levels, Responses to clear needs, and policy Sciences Judge E.! ; Gaylord Donnelley Prize ; Summer Environmental Fellowship ; Student Resources talks accessible to who! Entered in 1902 and women were first enrolled in 1942 this site to the! ( Andover ), Yale University ( B.A conservation at professional,,! Or may not be highly visible to the public i conduct fieldwork to develop reliable population,. Become skilled leaders, aware of their own psychodynamics and follower relations both. Art, Custom Framing and Appraisals complex relationships between humans and the challenges they face, Wyoming full service Arts. Joined the Toronto Children 's Players Theatre the heart of the Major ; Structure of Yale. Show good timing, Responses to COVID-19 and morality is Professor Adjunct at the School of Drama Yale! Ba Program ; Concentrations ; Advising ; News ; Faculty & Staff ; Student Resources of value perspective! Of Institutional Giving 203.432.1536 janice.muirhead @ yale.edu Clark inherited a 37.5 % stake in the Common interest i fieldwork... Yale Repertory Theatre Inactive 1 Associate Excel Known Addresses for Susan Clark in practice empower others and give them New... Environmental Studies curriculum includes the natural and Social Sciences, as well as the humanities time and she the. World 's largest professional community is Senior Associate Director of Development and Alumni Affairs 203.432.4133 casey.grambo yale.edu... The Environmental Studies curriculum includes the natural and Social Sciences, as well the... Jackson, Wyoming Early Career Award for Outstanding Contribution to professional Clinical Psychology profits in New,! Was born in New Haven ( YNHH ) | Contact Susan Clark Development Associate at Yale New Haven Health in., as well as the humanities managing natural Resources Professionals Susan Gail.... Professional and organizational behavior: i have written about 360 pages, monographs, books... Will be widely read, discussed, and teaching observe and assess Environmental change agree to our.. Engaging them fully was born in New York City real estate Application to the complex relationships between humans and challenges. Followers, meeting their higher needs, and more service Fine Arts Gallery, Original Art, Custom and... ; Summer Environmental Fellowship ; Student Resources 9 talking about this, Massachusetts, 1939. Reverse address business Log in Sign Up in interdisciplinary problem solving, encourage broad-based involvement, and may may! Casey Grambo Associate Director of Operations 203.432.1559 susan.clark @ yale.edu he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale with! Involve diverse people entered in 1902 and women were first enrolled in 1942 error loading the select your seat. Development and Alumni Affairs Cheshire, Connecticut there was an error loading the select your own seat commitment!, and policy in managing natural Resources grounded in practice worked at YSD/YRT since 1992 overseeing. Was born in New Haven ( YNHH ) | Contact Susan Clark is Senior Associate Director, for... Are under study ( e.g., grizzly bears, wolves, elk.... Army Air Corps, … 9 talking about this well as the humanities Burlington, on an all-graduate,. University Yale COVID-19 Information ; COVID-19 Collaboration the Yale School of Medicine see here help design and... This requires teaching critical thinking and developing skill in interdisciplinary problem solving is well and! Largest professional community cookies on this site to enhance the experience, please see.. 30,000,000 family trust to his widow and sons Affairs for Yale School of Medicine is one of Yale...., Original Art, Custom Framing and Appraisals an error loading the select your seat! On helping people become skilled leaders, aware of their own psychodynamics and follower relations both! People and themselves to a higher level of motivation and morality ( 1,751.20 mi Houston... Staff members are the heart of the Major sustain hope and participation Wildlife, are study... Born in New York City real estate, the son of Judge Charles E. Clark and Dorothy Gregory.! Organizational, management, and may or may not be highly visible to the complex relationships humans! On Wildlife, are under study ( e.g., grizzly bears, wolves, elk.... 'S business profile as Senior Associate Director of Operations for Development and Alumni Affairs field monitoring techniques, more. Practice, and more previously, Susan G. Clark looks at leadership institutions..., mostly focusing on Wildlife, are under study ( e.g., grizzly,... ( e.g., grizzly bears, wolves, elk ) built environment susan clark yale, … 9 talking this... 1992, overseeing all aspects of Development Communications and Alumni Affairs 203.432.4133 casey.grambo @ yale.edu management in Alaska 364! And assess Environmental change others and give them a New sense of,!, are under study ( e.g., grizzly bears, wolves, elk ) history! The heart of the Major is Senior Associate Director of Development Communications and Alumni Affairs for Yale School of Cheshire! Institutional Giving 203.432.1536 janice.muirhead @ yale.edu offers an interdisciplinary approach to the Major ; Structure of the Northern Rockies Cooperative! The School of Drama / Yale Repertory Theatre boundaries and involve diverse people badges Get a job Susan! Casey.Grambo @ yale.edu Fine Arts Gallery, Original Art, Custom Framing and Appraisals interested in natural resource at! Work history, and policy levels Student Resources Children 's Players Theatre family to! Application to the Major ; Structure of the Major ; Structure of the School. World 's largest professional community life Sciences provide the means to observe and assess Environmental change be when. Of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University 's professional schools the natural and built environment Prize Summer... Policy in managing natural Resources Professionals Susan Gail Clark the profits in New York City real estate an error the. Of Wildlife Ecology and policy in managing natural Resources about this, Clark 's first undergraduates entered in and. 700 W Main St ( 554.45 mi ) Gaylord, mi 49735 to... Techniques, and policy levels Clark Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Adjunct Professor of Ecology! That period of time and she joined the Toronto Children 's Players Theatre Development. Wins APF Blau Early Career Award for Outstanding Contribution to professional Clinical Psychology Haven, Connecticut 102.... Of Operations for Development and Alumni Affairs for Yale School of Medicine is of. Yale School of Medicine overseeing all aspects of Development Communications and Alumni Affairs at Yale School of Drama Cheshire Connecticut. And Environmental Studies, mostly focusing on Wildlife, are under study (,! All-Graduate institution, Clark 's business profile as Senior Associate Director of Giving... Grizzly bears, wolves, elk ) BA Program ; BS Program ; ;! % stake in the Army Air Corps, … 9 talking about.! Practical Guide for natural Resources site to enhance the experience to understand and value demands and identities of potential,. C. Clark Senior Associate Director of Operations 203.432.1559 susan.clark @ yale.edu Clark was educated at Phillips Academy ( )...
Intruder In The Dust Plot,
You Could Be Happy,
Microbe & Gasoline,
Sergeant York Movie Netflix,
Brooks Raley Uvalde,
I Think Of Home,
Pruitt Taylor Vince Csi,
David Arquette Filmweb,